Differentiation Between Ripening Stages of Iberian Dry-Cured Ham According to the Free Amino Acids Content

In this paper, the differentiation of three ripening stages, postsalting, drying, and cellar, of Iberian dry-cured ham has been carried out according to their free amino acids contents. Eighteen L-amino acids, alanine, 2-aminobutanoic acid, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, histidine, hydroxyproline, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine have been determined by gas chromatography with derivatization with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to confirm the presence of the eighteen amino acids in the ham samples, and gas chromatography using a DB-17HT column and flame ionization detector was used for quantitative determination. Extraction with a mixture methanol-acetonitrile has been carried out, achieving recoveries in the range 52-164%. Methimazole was used as internal standard. Limits of detection ranged between 7.0 and 611.7 mg·kg-1. Free amino acids have been used as chemical descriptors to differentiate between the ripening stages. Principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis have been used as chemometric techniques, achieving complete differentiation between the ripening stages. Alanine, tyrosine, glutamine, proline, 2-aminobutanoic acid, cysteine, and valine were the most differentiating amino acids.Junta de Andalucía the project P09-AGR-0478

El sacerdocio jesuítico de san Francisco de Borja (1551-1554)

Català: Itinerari dels primers temps de Francesc de Borja com a sacerdot jesuïta, centrat en la seva intensa activitat pastoral al País Basc. Paraules clau: Francesc de Borja; Jesuïtes; Predicació. Castellano: Itinerario de los primeros años de Francisco de Borja como sacerdote jesuita, centrado en su intensa actividad pastoral en el País Vasco. Palabras clave: Francisco de Borja; Jesuitas; Predicación

Remote sensing image fusion on 3D scenarios: A review of applications for agriculture and forestry

Three-dimensional (3D) image mapping of real-world scenarios has a great potential to provide the user with a more accurate scene understanding. This will enable, among others, unsupervised automatic sampling of meaningful material classes from the target area for adaptive semi-supervised deep learning techniques. This path is already being taken by the recent and fast-developing research in computational fields, however, some issues related to computationally expensive processes in the integration of multi-source sensing data remain. Recent studies focused on Earth observation and characterization are enhanced by the proliferation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and sensors able to capture massive datasets with a high spatial resolution. In this scope, many approaches have been presented for 3D modeling, remote sensing, image processing and mapping, and multi-source data fusion. This survey aims to present a summary of previous work according to the most relevant contributions for the reconstruction and analysis of 3D models of real scenarios using multispectral, thermal and hyperspectral imagery. Surveyed applications are focused on agriculture and forestry since these fields concentrate most applications and are widely studied. Many challenges are currently being overcome by recent methods based on the reconstruction of multi-sensorial 3D scenarios. In parallel, the processing of large image datasets has recently been accelerated by General-Purpose Graphics Processing Unit (GPGPU) approaches that are also summarized in this work. Finally, as a conclusion, some open issues and future research directions are presented.European Commission 1381202-GEU PYC20-RE-005-UJA IEG-2021Junta de Andalucia 1381202-GEU PYC20-RE-005-UJA IEG-2021Instituto de Estudios GiennesesEuropean CommissionSpanish Government UIDB/04033/2020DATI-Digital Agriculture TechnologiesPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology 1381202-GEU FPU19/0010

Lowering barriers to engage in innovation: evidence from the Spanish innovation survey

The literature on innovation studies has extensively examined the main drivers of innovation activity, while putting less attention on factors that are crucial in order to foster competition dynamics, as well as to attenuate systemic failures to innovation. This paper aims to filling this gap by distinguishing between firms facing deterring barriers to innovation (i.e. those barriers that deter firms from engaging in innovation activities) and firms confronting revealed barriers (i.e. those barriers that are experienced by firms alongside their engagement in innovative activities). Drawing upon the literature on innovation studies, we propose a set of hypotheses on which factors are likely to attenuate deterring and/or revealed barriers to innovation (e.g. firm size, firm age, human capital, etc.). We built a longitudinal dataset derived from four waves of the Spanish Innovation Survey (2004-2007) in order to examine the impact of the proposed factors on three types of obstacles to innovation: cost, knowledge and market barriers. Results reveal that: first, knowledge and market related obstacles play a much stronger role as deterring barriers than cost-related obstacles; second, firm size and human capital available at firms play a significant role in attenuating deterring barriers to innovation, though only the former has a significant impact on alleviating revealed barriers.

Accessible tourism in Andalusia. Emerging tourism product

A pesar de lo avanzado en la accesibilidad universal y en la integración de personas con alguna discapacidad sensorial o locomotriz, resta mucho por hacer, y especialmente en lo que se refiere al turismo accesible. Un fenómeno creciente y de enormes potencialidades y oportunidades económicas y sociales. No obstante, surgen novedosas experiencias públicas y privadas de destinos y equipamientos de uso público y vocación turística especialmente volcadas con este amplio y diverso colectivo que son interesantes de resaltar por sus trascendencias empresariales y sociales. Asimismo, se trata de una nueva tipología o modelo, el del turismo accesible, con notables indefiniciones conceptuales y muy poco estudiado desde la geografía. Nuestra atención se va a centrar esta vez en Andalucía, aunque su análisis es inseparable de las escalas de España y Europa.Despite the progress in universal accessibility and integration of people with sensory or locomotor disability, much remains to be done, especially in regards to accessible tourism. A growing phenomenon of enormous potential and economic and social opportunities. However, there have been innovative public and private experiences of destinations and facilities for public use and tourist vocation especially focused on this large and diverse group which are interesting to highlight because of their business and social transcendence. Also, it is a new typology or model, accessible tourism, with notable conceptual uncertainties and scantily studied from Geography. Our attention will be focused this time in Andalusia, although its analysis is inseparable from the scales of Spain and Europe

El turismo accesible en Andalucía y Portugal

There is a relevant and growing number of people with some degree of sensory and physical disability in Portugal, Spain, including Andalusia, and the European Union, who want to be able to enjoy leisure and tourism. Therefore, in addition to the creation of legislature, an economic opportunity should be added. The various tourism models that already exist (sun and beach, rural, cultural tourism, adventure tourism, etc.) can andshould also be categorised as «accessible». But the reality is that, despite the advances made in terms of accessibility, there is still a long way to go. Nevertheless, interesting public and private experiences are emerging, involving tourist destinations and facilities and thatare particularly well adapted to disabled people. It is interesting to highlight this for it's business and social importance. Likewise, this refers to a new type or model, of accessible tourism, with significant conceptual uncertainties and barely studied from a geographicalpoint of view.Es relevante el número de personas con alguna discapacidad en Portugal, España y, dentro de la misma, Andalucía, y la Unión Europea que desean gozar del ocio y del turismo. Por tanto, a la imposición legislativa hay que añadir la oportunidad económica del turismoaccesible. Los variados modelos turísticos existentes (sol y playa, rural, turismo cultural, turismo activo, etc.) pueden y deben llevar también la etiqueta de «accesible». Pero la realidad, a pesar del avance experimentado en materia de accesibilidad, todavía está lejos de ello. No obstante, surgen novedosas experiencias públicas y privadas de destinos y equipamientos de uso público y vocación turística especialmente volcados con este colectivo y que es interesante resaltar por sus trascendencias empresariales y sociales. Asimismo, se trata de unanueva tipología o modelo, el del turismo accesible, con notables indefiniciones conceptuales y muy poco estudiado desde la geografía

Use of 3D models as a didactic resource in archaeology. A case study analysis

The generation of 3D models through Terrestrial Laser Scanning has proved to be valuable tools for the study, documentation and recreation of archaeological remains. In this context, it is described how to generate a physical model to provide not only to researchers, but also as teaching material for teachers for university students, facilitating their access and study. As a practical case, this article describes the acquisition, processing and management of archaeological data in the archaeological site of Cástulo, Jaén, in South Spain. We expound how to get the 3D-printed model of the Muslim tower, showing how it is possible to generate a scale and very reliable reproduction of the structure, being also an useful and tangible material in the teaching of cultural heritage

The Border as a Tourist Resource. Possibilities of Bajo/Baixo Guadiana

En el espacio d e integración d e l a Unión Europea persisten las fronteras, y a sin las dificultades y barreras d e antaño, pero manteniendo numerosos símbolos y elementos del patrimonio cultural qu e siguen marcando un a diferencia. Son líneas divisorias y, a la vez, franjas de territorios de transición con un important e patrimonio natural y cultural qu e s e convierten ahor a en recursos de atracción par a novedosas demandas turísticas. Por ello, s e estudi a y a el turismo d e fronter a como un nuevo producto dond e el recurso de l a frontera y l a histori a es el principal atractivo y destino, aunqu e d e forma complementari a a otros recursos y productos turísticos. Al margen de otros territorios y destinos fronterizos de Europa o del mundo, nuestra preocupación investigadora se centra en la Raya luso-española, en su extremo sur, en el Bajo Guadiana, en espacios que participan del Algarve, Baixo Alentejo y Huelva. En este territorio se conjugan destinos turísticos consolidados (Algarve y Costa Occidental de Huelva) con un interior muy próximo e ignoto para la mayor parte de los turistas alojados en ese borde costero, a apenas unas decenas de kilómetros. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, un incipiente espacio turístico parece abrirse tierras adentro (y aguas) desde la costa. El estuario del Guadiana actúa de puerta de entrada hacia un interior rico en recursos y patrimonios histórico - artísticos y naturales y que podría favorecerse de un turismo de frontera. Nuestra hipótes is principal es que el desarrollo del turismo de frontera podría ser una oportunidad para este territorio transfronterizo. En este trabajo tratamos, por tanto, de: - Analizar el marco geográfico y el patrimonio natural y cultural de este ámbito transfront erizo, con una breve semblanza a su población y políticas de cooperación en materia de infraestructuras de accesibilidad y de turismo. - diagnosticar este novedoso producto turístico y para este territorio en particular, - y hacer unas propuestas capaces de i mpulsar esta actividad turística.In th e area of integration of the European Union th e borders still persist, now without th e difficulties and barriers of yesteryear, but maintaining numerous symbols and elements of th e cultural heritag e that continu e to mak e a difference. They ar e “dividing lines ” and, at the same time, strips of transitional territories with an important natural and cultural heritag e that now beco me attractiv e resources for novel tourist demands. Therefore, border tourism is already being studied as a new product wher e the border and history resource is the main attraction and destination, although in a complementary way to other touris m resources and products. Apart from other territories and border destinations in Europe or the world, our research concern focuses on the Luso- Spanish border, the “Raya” or “Raia”, at its southern end, in the Lower Guadiana, in spaces that participate in the Algarve, Baixo Alentejo and Huelva. In this territory are combined tourist destinations (Algarve and West Coast of Huelva) with a very close interior and unknown to most tourists staying on that coastal edge, just a few tens of kilometers. However, in recent years, an incipient tourist space seems to open up inland (and waters) from the coast. The Guadiana estuary acts as a gateway to an interior rich in resources and historical-artistic and natural heritage and that could benefit from border tourism. Our main hypothesis is that th e develop ment of border touris m could b e an opportunity for this transboundary territory. In this work we are dealing, therefore, with: - Analyze the geographical, natural and cultural heritage of this cross - border area, with a brief profile of its population and cooperation policies on accessibility and tourism infrastructures. - diagnose this novel tourist product for this particular territory, - and make proposals capable of promoting this tourist activity.Fondo Europeo de Desarollo Regiona